Biodegradable Nanoparticles as Vaccine Adjuvants and Delivery Systems: Regulation of Immune Responses by Nanoparticle-Based Vaccine

Polymeric nanoand microparticles have recently been shown to possess significant potential as drug delivery systems. In particular, the use of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles with entrapped antigens such as proteins, peptides, or DNA represents an exciting approach for controlling the release of vaccine antigens and optimizing the desired immune response via selective targeting of the antigen to antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The efficient delivery of antigens to APCs, especially in dendritic cells (DCs), and the activation of APCs are some of the most important issues in the development of effective vaccines. Using nanoparticlebased vaccine delivery systems, it is possible to target delivery to DCs, activate these APCs, and control release of the antigen. Nanoparticles prepared from biodegradable and biocompatible polymers such as poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly(amino acid)s, and polysaccharides have been shown to be effective T. Akagi and M. Akashi (*) Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi Center Building, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan e-mail: [email protected] M. Baba Division of Antiviral Chemotherapy, Center for Chronic Viral Diseases, Graduate School ofMedical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Kawaguchi Center Building, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan vaccine carriers for a number of antigens. This review mainly focuses on amphiphilic poly(amino acid) and PLGA nanoparticles as vaccine delivery systems and summarizes the investigations of our research group and others on the properties of these antigen-loaded naoparticles. Keyword Adjuvant Biodegradable nanoparticles Poly(g-glutamic acid) Protein delivery Vaccine